This book examines why periods of technological progress and innovation have historically come to an end, and what this means for the future of nations in the modern global economy. Drawing on economic history, political economy, and contemporary case studies, Carl Benedikt Frey analyzes how institutional failure, inequality, political resistance, and geopolitical conflict can undermine innovation-driven growth. The book explores past episodes where technological leadership was lost and assesses current risks facing advanced economies in the age of artificial intelligence and automation. It argues that sustained progress depends not only on technological breakthroughs but also on inclusive institutions, effective governance, and strategic policy choices that allow societies to adapt to transformative change